Graphs - Vocab and examples
Steps
to write about a graph.
·
Write introduction by paraphrasing the
question statement
·
Begin the second para with an overall
picture
·
Talk about the most important takeaway
first
·
Talk about other points drawing comparisons
and contrasts wherever possible
Dos
and Don’ts
·
Don’t spend too much time in analyzing the
graph
·
Just write what you see; Don’t give any
reasons
·
Make short sentences
·
Use variety of grammatical structures
Some important points to note:
1.
Year is not specified so you can write in
present tense.
2.
Good use of transition and adjectives to
highlight key points.
The
graph shows the fluctuations in the number of
travelers at a London underground station over the course of a day from 6:00 AM
to 10:00 PM.
Overall,
there were marked fluctuations in number of travelers with peaks in mornings
and evenings (8:00 AM and 6:00 PM).
The
busiest time of the day is morning. There is a sharp
increase between 06:00 AM and
08:00 AM, with 400 people using the station at 8 o’clock. After this the
numbers drop quickly to less than 200 at 10
o’clock. Between 11 am and 3 pm the number rises, with a plateau of just under 300 people using the station.
In the
afternoon, numbers decline, with less than 100 using the station at 4 pm. There is then a rapid
rise to a peak of 380 at 6pm. After 7 pm, numbers fall significantly, with only a slight increase again at 8pm, tailing
off after 9 pm.
Overall, the graph shows that the station is most crowded in the early morning and early evening
periods.
Book
3 Page 27 Test 1:
T he bar chart reveals
the positive trend of Japanese
tourists travelling worldwide and the line chart illustrates a growing Australian share during the
decade from 85 to 95.
The bar chart showed an overall jump of 3 times with number of tourists reaching to 15
million in the span of 10 years. While
the first five years showed a phase of steady increase, the second five years span demonstrated a phase of a little dip
followed by a constant upward trend in
the last three years.
The line chart also shows a similar pattern with Australian share of Japanese tourists tripling from 2% to 6%. Noticeably, Australia witnessed a phase of steady growth till 88 to reach its first peak at around 5%, followed
by a slight fall. From 89
onwards it continued its upward trend
to reach the highest peak a little
above 6%. The subsequent year showed
a little correction finally Australian share of Japanese
tourists rested at 6% at the end.
To sum up, overall number of Japanese
tourists as well as those who preferred Australia as their destination witnessed an increase of around 3
times.
Introduction.
The first chart depicts
year wise trend of Japanese tourists travelling across the globe during 85 to
95. The second one illustrates preference of Japanese towards for Australia
destination during the same time span.
The most significant
feature of the first graph is the constant raise in number of travelers between
85 to 90 where the numbers increased more than two fold from 5 million to
around 11 million. 91 witnessed a little bit of correction post which it
remained constant at 12 million during 92 and 93. The trend again regained its
positive momentum to end at around 15 million in 95.
Similarly, Australian
storyline also depicts an overall positive trend moving from 2 % travelers in
85 to 6 % in mid of 94. It witnessed the most dramatic growth from 84 to 85 to
reach at 2%. The positive growth
continued with numbers jumping to more
than twice ie 4.8% . The period from 88 to 89 shows a minor dip followed by
another span positive growth till 93, when it reached a peak of 6.3 % finally
correcting at 6 % in 94.
Thus, the number of total
number of Japanese travellers as well those going to Australia witnessed a 3
times jump in the decade of 85 to 95.
The bar graph shown here
represents the trend of Japanese travelers visiting different parts of the
world. The line chart below it depicts how many of them visit Australia during the given
span. Overall, it is evident that there
was a considerable increase in Japanese tourists during the given span.
The bar graph reveals that the number of Japanese travelers tripled during the span of 10 years (from just around 5 million in 1985 to a little over 15 million in 1995). The period of first five years (from 85 to 90), was the period of steady growth when the numbers jumped from 4.5 million to a little around 11 million. Noticeably, there was slight dip in 91, followed by another phase of growth until 95, when it reached its peak at 15 million.
The bar graph reveals that the number of Japanese travelers tripled during the span of 10 years (from just around 5 million in 1985 to a little over 15 million in 1995). The period of first five years (from 85 to 90), was the period of steady growth when the numbers jumped from 4.5 million to a little around 11 million. Noticeably, there was slight dip in 91, followed by another phase of growth until 95, when it reached its peak at 15 million.
Similarly, those visiting Australia also skyrocketed from 2% in 85 to 6%
in 95, registering a three times growth. Except for a slight dip during 88 to
89, and 93 to 94, the trend-line depicts the story of a steady growth during
the given span.
Overall, both the graphs represent the phase of
positive growth.
The given pie charts show data on the
electricity production from fuel sources in Australia and in France in 1980 and
2000. As is observed from the pie charts, coal was the main source for
electricity production in Australia, while France used the Nuclear Power more
in recent years to fulfill their electricity demand.
According the given data, Australia produced 100 units of electricity in 1980 and 170 units in 2000 while the production in France was 90 units in 1980, which got doubled to 180 units in the year 2000.
According the given data, Australia produced 100 units of electricity in 1980 and 170 units in 2000 while the production in France was 90 units in 1980, which got doubled to 180 units in the year 2000.
In Australia coal was the main source of electricity production and half of the total electricity produced came from coal in 1980. Natural gas and hydro power contributed 20 units each while remaining 10 units came from oil. The dependency on coal increased in 2000 for electricity production while oil and natural gases were very minimally used for electricity production. Nuclear power was not used in Australia as source for producing electricity.
On the contrary, In France natural gas and coal together produced half of the electricity in 1980. The use of nuclear power increased significantly in France in 2000 amounting to 126 units in this year compared to the 15 units 20 years back.
Pie charts shown here reveal
information about the units of electricity production in two countries -
Australia and France in 1980 and 2000. Five kinds of fuel sources namely coal,
oil, natural gas, hydro power and nuclear power were used for producing
electricity in these two countries.
To begin with, the main source of power in Australia was coal
and it produced 50 units of electricity in 1980 which was half of the total
production. Natural gas and hydro power were used to generate 40 units of
electricity in this year. After 20 years there was a rapid increase in the
usage of coal that generated 130 units among the total 170 units. However,
there were gradual fall on usages of natural gas and oil as it supplied tiny
fractions of the total electricity produced this year in Australia.
On the contrary in France coal, natural gas and oil were
mainly used to produce necessary electric power while in later years the use of
nuclear power increased tremendously. While only 15 units of electricity were
generated using this source in 1980, it increased to 126 in 2000. There was a
corresponding fall in use of new energy source.
Book 4
Book 6
Book 8
Book 7
Book 7 Test 1:
Introduction:
The table below gives
information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries
in 2002.
Summarise the information by
selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisolls where
relevant.
» Write at least 150 words.
» Write at least 150 words.
Percentage
of national consumer expenditure by category - 2002
The
table illustrates varying spending patterns of five
countries in terms of three categories in the year 2002.
The table presents variations of consumer spending by
five different countries on three categories in the year 2002.
The table presents varying spending patterns on three
different consumer items by the citizens of five different countries.
Body:
The most important
point to note is
that all three countries showed similarity in terms of proportion of funds
allocated, with highest amount spent on Food/Drinks/Tobacco (eatables) and
lowest on Leisure/Education(services).
Another highlight is that
Turkey topped the chart in two categories (Eatables: 32%; Services: 4%) out of
three. In Services as well, it was a
strong contender for the second rank (with around 6%) after Italy (9%) along
with Ireland and Spain which were neck to neck with Turkey.
It is worth noting
that Turkey and Ireland spent more than a quarter of their
total expenditure in eatables alone whereas other countries spent in the range
of 15 % to 18% in this category.
Book 7 Test 3:
The graph shows movements
of property prices in terms of percentage changes
as compared to the base year (89) during two cycles, in five cities of the
world.
Interestingly, in the first phase (90 to 95) three of
the five countries witnessed a dip as compared base. Noticeably, Tokyo and
London showed similar trends, with the prices dipping by around 8%. Similarly,
New York also registered a 5% dip. However, property prices in Frankfurt and
Madrid demonstrated a little spurt of less than 3%.
On the contrary, the second phase (96 - 2002)
represented a period of positive growth with four of the five countries showing
prices higher than those in the base year. It
is worth noting that, London showed the most dramatic recovery with
prices skyrocketing to 12%.
On the similar lines
New York also recovered
with its prices reaching to 5% above base. Madrid and Frankfurt showed minor changes. Noticeably, Frankfurt was the only city with prices below 89.
In
nutshell,
the two phases witnessed opposite trends of price movements; and London
demonstrated the most dramatic recovery.
------------------
Book3
Page 51 Test 2:
The bar chart
illustrates the varying spending
patterns on six consumer goods by four European nations.
As can clearly be seen Britain tops the list in the all the six categories. It has shown
highest allocation towards photographic
films - around 170 thousand pounds sterling. On the contrary, Germans tend to spend the least -
around 145 to 150 thousand on each item; preferring CDs and photographic films the least.
Interestingly,
Italians spend equal amount in the range of about 150 to 155 thousand on all
six categories preferring to spend the
maximum on photographic films and toys and the minimum on personal
stereos. France, on the other hand spends – nearly 170 thousand, on photographic
films which is just a little less than Britain but spends less than 155 on all
other items.
In a nutshell, four nations have shown dissimilar
preferences with Britain being the top spender and Photographic film the most
preferred consumer item.
Book
3 Page 73 Test 3: Participation in Science and Technology
The charts
below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing
and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990.
You must give an overview of the
information. This means that you need to find an overall trend that connects
all 3 charts.
Introduction
1.
The three
bar charts depict the varying levels
of participation in the field of education and science by two classes of nations during 1980
and 1990.
2.
The bar charts present a comparison of
participation in the field of education and science in terms of schooling
years, employment in the field of science and technology and Research spending,
by two classes of nations in 80s and 90s.
3.
The graphs show how the involvement of developed nations in education and
science is way ahead of their developing counterparts and how it
trended from 80 to 90 in terms of schooling
years, employment in the field of science and technology, and research
spending.
Body
As
can clearly be seen, participation of industrialization nations
is significantly higher in all three fields. Also, participation
by both classes has increased from 80 to 90 except fund allocation by developing nations, which actually fell.
As shown in the first graph, developed nations spent a little over 8 years in school, which was more than three times of their
developing counterparts, in
1980. By 1990, the gap further widened
with developed countries spending approximately 12 years in schooling while the
developed ones witnessing a little
growth.
A similar trend
was witnessed in people’s choice of career in science with industrialized
nations employing almost four times more
than developing ones in 1990.
Ironically,
while all other indicators have shown a positive trend, budget allocation by
third world countries fell significantly, from 80 to 90, which led them conspicuously behind the developed ones
on this parameter (almost 35 times less).
Conclusion
In
essence, the industrialized nations have shown drastically higher participation and
their rate of increase is also impressively
higher.
Book 3 Test 4:
Introduction
The
graph shows how the unemployment rate increased in Japan, but decreased in the US during the six
years span from March 93 to March 96.
As
can clearly be seen, while the difference in unemployment rates
between two countries was as wide as 4.5%
in the year March 93, it narrowed down to 0 by the end.
Noticeably,
in
the beginning, Japan had an impressive
employment rate with just about 2.5%
without jobs; on the contrary US had a dismal
story with 7% unemployed. However,
the two countries experienced opposite
trends with Japan’s unemployment rate surging by 3% (from 2.5 to around 5.5)
whereas that of the US falling by 2% (from 7% to a little around 5%) by 96.
Interestingly,
during
the last two years, the countries trended together at an average of 5% of
unemployment.
In
conclusion, US revealed a happy story of falling unemployment; on the other hand Japans witnessed a sorry trend of rising
unemployment finally both the trend-lines merged at 5%.
The chart below show the
different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion
of men and women who held them in 1999.
Summarise
the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant.
Introduction
The graph presents comparison
of preferences towards varied post
school qualifications by males and females in Australia during 1999.
The
graph illustrates different preferences towards post school qualifications by the two genders
in Australian during 1999.
The
graph shows how preferences towards different post school
qualifications vary in Australia
during 1999.
The
graph shows popularity of different post school
qualification courses among men and women in Australia during 1999.
Body
As
clearly shown, skilled vocational diploma is the course with highest difference in
popularity among males and females with as high as 90% of males and as low
as 10% females going for it. On the
other hand, females (70%) substantially
outnumbered males (30%) in undergraduate diploma. Similarly, Bachelors degree
also attracted more females (around 55%) however
the gap was less conspicuous / less significant there.
As
far as Postgraduate diploma is concerned, percentage of males
(70%) was more than double of that of females (around 30%). Similarly, males
(60%) maintained their margin of 20%) in Master’s degree as well.
To sum up, of the five courses males showed higher preference towards higher
diplomas and degree courses, whereas females
outnumbered males at undergraduate and graduate courses.
The line graph illustrates the number of UK residents
going abroad from the UK and overseas residents visiting the UK between 1979
and 1999, while the bar chart gives information about how many UK residents
travelled to five of the most popular countries in 1999. Units are measured in
Millions of people.
Overall, there was an increase in the number of visits
to and from the UK and there were more visits abroad by UK residents than
visits to UK by overseas residents. When we dig a little deeper, we find that
the number of UK residents visiting overseas began at just under 15 million in
1979, and it rose significantly to reach over 50 million in 1999. As far as
count of travelers visiting the UK is concerned, it stood at 10 million in the
first year, before climbing steadily to just under 30 million by the final
year.
Further, the bar graph shows that the most popular country
visited by UK residents was France, which stood at around 10 million people.
This was followed by Spain at approximately 9 million. The USA and Greece had
about 4 million and 3 million visitors respectively. The least popular
destination was Turkey which had only 2 million UK residents going there.
While the line chart presented here depicts number of
tourists coming to and going from UK across the globe, the bar chart below
presents a comparison of international destinations preferred by UK travellers
in 99.
The line chart presents the ratio between number of
travellers coming to and going from the UK during the 20 years period. The bar
chart below shows the comparison of preferred destinations by the British in
1999.
Book 8
The pie chart below shows the
main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive. The table shows how
these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s.
Summarize
the in formation by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
» You
should write at least 150 words.
|
BOOK - 8(1)
Intro 1: The information given in the pie chart clearly mentions the causes of land degradation around the globe and the table portrays the picture of three regions affected by it. |
OR
Intro 2:
While the pie presented here gives a clear picture of various causes of land
degradation globally, the table portrays how three major regions got affected
by them in the year 1990.
(Good intro)
|
As
can clearly be seen overgrazing and deforestation were the two principal causes affecting as high as 65% of the total land
degradation; constituting 35% and 30% respectively. Further, Over cultivation, came third
with 28%. Others causes contributed a miniscule 7%.
Turning to the three regions the maximum damage was suffered by Europe (23%) where deforestation (9.8%) was the major cause, followed by over cultivation (7.7%) and over grazing (5.5%). Oceania with 3% came second where the main reason was over grazing (11.3%) which by far was found to be maximum here. Evidently, no signs of over cultivation were witnessed in this region. As can be seen, North America was the most fertile region with least proportion of land degraded. Interestingly, 99.8% of its land was still intact. Overall, deforestation and over grazing were the main factor behind depletion of land fertility worldwide and Europe the region with highest proportion of land degraded. |
BOOK - 8(2)
The three pie charts represent fund allocation under 5
different heads by a UK school in the years 1981, 1991 and 2001.
The
main point to note is that salaries (teacher’s salary + other
worker’s salary) constituted more than
50% of the pie chart. While the
teacher’s salary showed a fluctuating trend with an overall increase of 5%
(from 40% to 45%); other workers salary showed a falling trend sliding from 28%
to 15%.
It
is interesting to note that allocation on Furniture as well
as resources was equal (15%) in 1981. But they showed opposite trends in the
subsequent years. While allocation on furniture fell by 10% in 1991, that on
resources increased by 5%. Further,
in 2001, allocation on furniture jumped
to 23%, that on resources fell to 9%.
Lastly, Insurance rose
(past tense of rise) by four folds
(from 2% to 8%) in the same span (period).
To sum up, different heads showed varying trends with highest spending on salaries.
(170 words )
The
graph illustrates comparison of electricity consumption in
summers and winters, the pie
demonstrates breakup of consumption
by different equipments.
As
clearly shown, the consumption of electricity in winter
was way too high as compared to that
in summer. Noticeably, in winter the
highest consumption was around 45000 units whereas the lowest was 30000 units. Also, the consumption showed a
fluctuating trend during the first half (from midnight till 3:00 pm). On the other hand, post afternoon, the
consumption was as high as 40,000 or
above touching the highest point at 45000 units around 10:00 PM. interestingly, the consumption dropped post late
night.
As
far as summers are concerned, two peaks were
witnessed: one at 3:00 PM and another at around 11:00 PM, at 20,000 units. On the other hand, minimum consumption
was as low as 12,000 units, during
morning hours.
As
depicted in the pie chart, consumption
by heating equipments was more than half of the total electricity consumed.
Kitchen equipments like ovens etc came
next with around 17%. It is
interesting to note that other two categories comprising of Lighting,
entertainment, cleaning, mixing and other equipments contributed 15% each.
In conclusion, electricity consumption was higher in winter and heating equipments
consumed maximum electricity.
Book 4 grpah 1
|
family Type
|
Proportion of people from each
household type living in poverty |
|
Single aged person
Aged couple Single, no children Couple, no children Sole parent Couple with children All households |
6% (54,000)
4% (48,000) 19% (359,000) 7% (211,000) 21% (232,000) 12% (933,000) 11% (1, 837, 000) |
The table gives a breakdown of different types of
families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
(higher
than national average)
As
shown in the table the national average stood at 11% with almost 2 million. However, Single parent and singles without children had substantially higher percent as compared to
national average (21% and 19% ).
Noticeably, couples with children at 12%, were the closest to the national average.
(lower
than national average)
The other three categories shown in the table had lower proportion than the national
average. Couples without children and the aged singles category had almost
similar proportions (7% and 6%). It is interesting to note that the aged couples
were the most affluent of all with just 4% below the poverty line.
To
conclude, aged people enjoyed
better economic status as compared to their young counterparts. On the other hand, single parent and
singles without children have substantially higher number of families living in
poverty.
The pictures presented
here describe the two steps involved in production of concrete.
The first diagram depicts
cement production process which consists of many steps. The first step
comprises of crushing limestone and clay in a crusher. The powder so obtained
is then subjected to a Mixer, where the ingredients are thoroughly mixed. The
next step comprises of heating the contents in a rotating heater. The last step
comprises of grinding the ingredients in Grinder, to get the fine cement
powder, which is then packed in the bags of appropriate sizes, ready to be
transported.
The second step in the
process of concrete production is a relatively simpler one. In this step,
cement (15%), Water (10%), Sand (25%) and Gravel(50%) are thoroughly mixed
in large concrete mixer to the final
product – concrete, that can used for construction purposes.
To conclude, cement production
is a multi-step process, but concrete production is a simple step process
involving mixing of constituents.
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